CHAPTER 6

HEAT-TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

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Introduction
Heat Exchangers
Continuous-flow Heat Exchangersparallel flowcounter flow
       cross flow heat exchanger heat transferlog mean temperature difference
Jacketed Pans
Heating Coils Immersed in Liquids
Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers
Plate Heat Exchangers
Thermal Processing
Thermal Death Time F values
Equivalent Killing Power at Other Temperaturesz value
       sterilization integrationtime/temperature curves
Pasteurizationmilk pasteurization
       High Temperature Short Time HTST
Refrigeration, Chilling and Freezing
Refrigeration Cyclepressure/enthalphy chartevaporator
       condenseradiabatic compressioncoefficient of performance
       ton of refrigeration
Performance Characteristics
Refrigerantsammoniarefrigerant 134A
Mechanical Equipment
Refrigeration EvaporatorHeat transfer coefficientfins
Chilling
FreezingPlank's equationfreezing timeshape factors
Cold Storage
Summary
Problems

Examples in this Chapter:
6.1. Cooling of milk in a pipe heat exchanger
6.2. Water chilling in a counter flow heat exchanger
6.3. Steam required to heat pea soup in jacketed pan
6.4. Time to heat pea soup in a jacketed pan
6.5. Time/Temperature in a can during sterilisation
6.6. Pasteurisation of milk
6.7. Freezing of fish
6.8. Rate of boiling of refrigerant.
6.9. Operation of a compressor in a refrigeration system
6.10. Chilling of fresh apples
6.11. Freezing of a slab of meat
6.12. Freezing time of a carton of meat: controllable factors

Figures in this Chapter:
6.1. Heat exchangers
6.2 Diagrammatic heat exchanger
6.3. Heat exchange equipment
6.4. Thermal death time curve for Clostridium botulinum
6.5 Thermal death time/temperature relationships
6.6 Time/Temperature curve for can processing
6.7 Pasteurization curves for milk.
6.8 Mechanical refrigeration circuit
6.9 Pressure/enthalpy chart
6.10 Refrigeration evaporators.
6.11 Freezing of a slab.
6.12 Coefficients in Plank’s Equation.