INDEX TO FIGURES

CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Unit operation.

CHAPTER 2.
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES
2.1. Mass and energy balance;
2.2. Heat balance.
2.3 Casein process.

CHAPTER 3.
FLUID-FLOW THEORY.
3.1. Pressure in a fluid
3.2. Pressure conversions
3.3. Mass and energy balance in fluid flow
3.4. Flow from a nozzle.
3.5. Viscous forces in a fluid.
3.6. Shear stress/shear rate relationships in liquids.
3.7. Energy balance over a length of pipe.
3.8 Friction factors in pipe flow.

CHAPTER 4.
FLUID-FLOW APPLICATIONS
4.1. Pressure measurements in pipes
4.2 Venturi meter
4.3 Liquid pumps
4.4 Characteristic curves for centrifugal pumps

CHAPTER 5.
HEAT-TRANSFER THEORY
5.1. Heat conduction through a slab
5.2. Heat conductances in series
5.3. Heat conductances in parallel
5.4. Transient heat conduction

CHAPTER 6.
HEAT-TRANSFER APPLICATIONS
6.1. Heat exchangers
6.2 Diagrammatic heat exchanger
6.3. Heat exchange equipment
6.4. Thermal death time curve for Clostridium botulinum
6.5 Thermal death time/temperature relationships
6.6 Time/Temperature curve for can processing
6.7 Pasteurization curves for milk.
6.8 Mechanical refrigeration circuit
6.9 Pressure /enthalpy chart
6.10 Refrigeration evaporators.
6.11 Freezing of a slab.
6.12 Coefficients in Plank’s Equation.

CHAPTER 7.
DRYING
7.1 Phase diagram for water
7.2. Vapour pressure/temperature curve for water
7.3 Psychrometric chart
7.4 Equilibrium moisture contents
7.5 Drying-rate curves
7.6 Drying curve for fish
7.7 Generalized drying curve
7.8 Dryers

CHAPTER 8.
EVAPORATION
8.1 Evaporator
8.2 Double effect evaporator – forward feed
8.3 Duhring plot for boiling point of sodium chloride solutions
8.4 Evaporators (a) basket type (b) long tube (c) forced circulation

CHAPTER 9.
CONTACT-EQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES
9.1 Solubility of sodium nitrite in water
9.2 Contact equilibrium stages
9.3 Flows into and out from a stage
9.4 Steam stripping: McCabe-Thiele plot
9.5 Hexane extraction of oil from soya beans: stages
9.6 Hexane extraction of oil from soya beans: McCabe-Thiele plot
9.7 Extraction battery
9.8 Solubility and saturation curves for sucrose in water
9.9 Reverse osmosis systems
9.10 Boiling point/concentration diagram
9.11 Distillation column (a) assembly, (b) bubble-cap trays

CHAPTER 10.
MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS
10.1 Continuous-sedimentation plant
10.2 Cyclone separator: (a) equipment (b) efficiency of dust collection
10.3 Liquid separation in a centrifuge
10.4 Liquid centrifuge (a) pressure difference (b) neutral zone
10.5 Liquid centrifuges: (a) conical bowl, (b) nozzle
10.6 Liquid/solid centrifuges (a) telescoping bowl, (b) horizontal bowl-scroll discharge
10.7 Filtration Graph
10.8 Filtration equipment: (a) plate and frame press (b) centrifugal filter
10.9 Particle-size analysis

CHAPTER 11.
SIZE REDUCTION
11.1 Crushers: (a) jaw, (b) gyratory
11.2 Grinders: (a) hammer mill, (b) plate mill

CHAPTER 12.
MIXING
12.1 Performance of propeller mixers
12.2 Mixers (a) ribbon blender, (b) double-cone mixer
12.3 Kneader